Analisis Faktor-Faktor Yang Berpengaruh Pada Proyek Pinjaman Luar Negeri Sektor Pertanian di Indonesia: Pendekatan Content Analysis Terhadap Dokumen Evaluasi Proyek
Keywords:
pinjaman luar negeri, sektor pertanian, keberhasilan proyek, content analysis, tata kelolaAbstract
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap keberhasilan proyek pinjaman luar negeri sektor pertanian di Indonesia melalui pendekatan content analysis terhadap dokumen evaluasi proyek, dengan latar belakang masih ditemukannya berbagai permasalahan implementasi seperti keterlambatan pelaksanaan, rendahnya serapan anggaran, serta ketidaksesuaian output dan outcome proyek akibat kompleksitas tata kelola dan koordinasi lintas pemangku kepentingan. Metodologi yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif dengan menganalisis dokumen utama proyek, meliputi Project Appraisal Document (PAD), Project Completion Report (PCR), loan agreement, serta laporan evaluasi dan audit, yang diolah melalui tahapan open coding, axial coding, dan selective coding. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh utama meliputi kualitas tata kelola (governance) dan kepatuhan terhadap ketentuan donor, efektivitas koordinasi antar pemangku kepentingan, kualitas perencanaan proyek, serta kapasitas sumber daya manusia dan kemampuan menyerap technical assistance, dengan faktor tata kelola dan koordinasi stakeholder sebagai faktor paling dominan. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa keberhasilan proyek tidak hanya ditentukan oleh aspek pembiayaan, tetapi oleh kemampuan institusi dalam mengelola interaksi faktor teknis, kelembagaan, dan manajerial secara terpadu. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, direkomendasikan penguatan tata kelola proyek melalui mekanisme koordinasi terintegrasi lintas sektor yang didukung oleh harmonisasi regulasi, peningkatan kapasitas institusional, serta penguatan sistem monitoring dan evaluasi untuk meningkatkan efektivitas dan keberlanjutan proyek pinjaman luar negeri sektor pertanian di Indonesia.
References
Acharyya, R., & Bhattacharya, N. (2020). Research Methodology for Social Sciences. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367810344
ADB. (2009). Indonesia: Integrated Citarum Water Resources Management Investment Program (ICWRMIP) – Report and Recommendation of the President. Asian Development Bank.
ADB. (2016). Flood Management in Selected River Basins Project (FMSRB) – Project Data Sheet. Asian Development Bank.
ADB. (2018). Project Completion Report: ICWRMIP. Asian Development Bank.
ADB. (2021). Asian Development Bank Annual Report 2021 Toward a Green and Inclusive Recovery. www.adb.org/ar2021/digital
ADB. (2022). Project Completion Report: Flood Management in Selected River Basins Project. Asian Development Bank.
Ahsan, K., & Kumar Paul, S. (2018). Procurement Issues in Donor-Funded International Development Projects. Journal of Management in Engineering, 34(6). https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)me.1943-5479.0000648
Al Akbar, M. F., & Setiawan, A. (2020). Bantuan Luar Negeri dan Pembangunan Desa: Efektivitas Participatory Irrigation Sector Project (PISP) di Desa Sumber Pucung, Kabupaten Malang. Transformasi Global, 7(1), 95–113. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtg.2020.007.01.5
Alvarez, M. M., Bravo-González, S., & Trujillo-De Santiago, G. (2021). Modeling vaccination strategies in an Excel spreadsheet: Increasing the rate of vaccination is more effective than increasing the vaccination coverage for containing COVID-19. PLoS ONE, 16(7 July 2021). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254430
Annys, S., Van Passel, S., Dessein, J., Adgo, E., & Nyssen, J. (2020). From fast-track implementation to livelihood deterioration: The dam-based Ribb Irrigation and Drainage Project in Northwest Ethiopia. Agricultural Systems, 184, 102909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2020.102909
Bartlett, A. (2019). Factors Affecting Success in International Collaborative Forestry Research Projects. https://doi.org/10.25911/5d61200debe42
Bartlett, A. (2020). Exploring transformational outcomes from donor investments in agroforestry research for development. Agroforestry Systems, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-020-00516-3
Binnendijk, A. (2000). Results-Based Management in the Development Cooperation Agencies: A Review of Experience. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27–40. https://doi.org/10.3316/qrj0902027
BPK. (2022). Audit Report on Foreign Loan-Funded Agricultural Projects. BPK.
Busck-Lumholt, L., Corbera, E., & Mertz, O. (2022). How are institutions included in Integrated Conservation and Development Projects? Developing and testing a diagnostic approach on the World Bank’s Forest and Community project in Salta, Argentina. World Development. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105956
Carneiro, B., & Garbero, A. (2017). Supporting Impact with Evidence: A Content Analysis of Project Completion Reports. The Journal of Development Studies, 54(8), 1426–1449. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2017.1324148
Chambers, R. (1994). Participatory rural appraisal (PRA): Analysis of experience. World Development, 22(9), 1253–1268. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(94)90003-5
Chand, R. (2000). Emerging Trends and Regional Variations in Agricultural Investments and their Implications for Growth and Equity (Policy Papers, Issue 345046). ICAR National Institute of Agricultural Economics and Policy Research (NIAP). https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.345046
Chen, Y.-C., Dy, K. B., Chang, C.-C., & Hsu, S.-H. (2024). Property rights arrangement and stakeholder networks hindering floating photovoltaics: A case of private open-access ponds in Taiwan. Energy Policy, 184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113886
Choiriyah, Mayuni, I., & Dhieni, N. (2022). The Effectiveness of Multimedia Learning for Distance Education Toward Early Childhood Critical Thinking During the COVID-19 Pandemic. European Journal of Educational Research, 11(3), 1553–1568. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.11.3.1555
Cochrane, L., Li, E. P. H., Dejene, M., & Husain, M. M. (2023). Why foreign agricultural investment fails? Five lessons from Ethiopia. Journal of International Development, 36(1), 541–558. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3827
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2017). Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches (4th ed., Vol. 3, Issue 1). SAGE Publications Inc. https://doi.org/10.13187/rjs.2017.1.30
Davis, K. (2014). Different stakeholder groups and their perceptions of project success. International Journal of Project Management, 32, 189–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2013.02.006
Dick-Sagoe, C., Lee, K. Y., Odoom, D., & Boateng, P. O. (2023). Stakeholder perceptions on causes and effects of public project failures in Ghana. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-022-01497-7
Djohanda, H., & Arfani, R. N. (2013). Model Pengelolaan Bantuan Luar Negeri untuk Pengentasan Kemiskinan Studi Kasus: Peran Bank Dunia dalam Program PNPM Mandiri Perdesaan di Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Drost, E. A. (2011). Validity and Reliability in Social Science Research. Education Research and Perspectives, 38(1), 105–123.
Elo, S., & Kyngäs, H. (2008). The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62(1), 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x
Folke, C., Hahn, T., Olsson, P., & Norberg, J. (2005). Adaptive governance of social-ecological systems. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 30, 441–473. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.30.050504.144511
Food and Agriculture Organization. (2014). Youth and Agriculture: Key Challenges and Concrete Solutions. FAO. https://www.fao.org/3/i3947e/i3947e.pdf
Global Water Partnership. (2000). Integrated Water Resources Management. GWP Technical Advisory Committee.
Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing Paradigms in Qualitative Research. In Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp. 163–194).
Guo, J. X. (2019). Measuring Information System Project Success through a Software-Assisted Qualitative Content Analysis. Information Technology and Libraries, 38(1), 53–70. https://doi.org/10.6017/ital.v38i1.10603
Harris, A. (2023). Using foreign aid contracts to pursue participatory approaches to development within large foreign aid agencies. Public Administration and Development. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.2024
Haruna, I., Edward, A., Nkegbe, P., & Osei, R. (2020). Financing agriculture for inclusive development (pp. 287–317). https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429450952-11
Havemann, T., Negra, C., & Werneck, F. (2020). Blended finance for agriculture: exploring the constraints and possibilities of combining financial instruments for sustainable transitions. Agriculture and Human Values, 37, 1281–1292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-020-10131-8
IFAD. (2014). SOLID Project Design Report. IFAD.
IFAD. (2018a). Financing Agreement: UPLAND Project.
IFAD. (2018b). UPLAND Project Design Report. IFAD.
IFAD. (2019). Youth Entrepreneurship and Employment Support Services (YESS) Project Design Report. IFAD.
IFAD. (2020). SOLID Project Completion Report. IFAD.
IFAD. (2021). Rural development report 2021 : Transforming food systems for rural prosperity. I. International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD).
IFAD. (2023). UPLAND Project Completion Report. IFAD.
IFAD. (2024). YESS Project Supervision and Completion Report. IFAD.
Ika, L. A., & Donnelly, J. (2017). Success conditions for international development capacity building projects. International Journal of Project Management, 35(1), 44–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.10.005
IPCC. (2014). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Cambridge University Press.
Iriarte, C., & Bayona, S. (2020). It projects success factors: A literature review. International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management, 8(2), 49–78. https://doi.org/10.12821/ijispm080203
IsDB. (2018). Project Appraisal Document: UPLAND Project Co-Financing. IsDB.
Jaidi, N., Siswantoyo, Liu, J., Sholikhah, Z., & Andhini, M. M. (2022). Ambidexterity Behavior of Creative SMEs for Disruptive Flows of Innovation: A Comparative Study of Indonesia and Taiwan. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8030141
Jegede, O. E. (2022). A Critical Analysis Of The Impact Of Local Government Administration On Rural Development: A Focus On Selected Local Government Areas In Ondo State, Nigeria. Kampala International University Interdisciplinary Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(3), 147–161. https://doi.org/10.59568/kijhus-2022-3-3-13
JICA. (2020). Thematic Guidelines on Agricultural and Rural Development.
Kaplinsky, R., & Morris, M. (2001). A Handbook for Value Chain Research. International Development Research Centre (IDRC).
Khan, F. U., Nouman, M., Negrut, L., Abban, J., Cismas, L. M., & Siddiqi, M. F. (2024). Constraints to agricultural finance in underdeveloped and developing countries : a systematic literature review. 5903. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2024.2329388
Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content Analysis : An Introduction to Its Methodology. Sage Publications, Inc.
Kurdyś-Kujawska, A., Soliwoda, M., Grzelczak, M., & Apanel, A. (2025). Financial Innovation in Building Agricultural Sector Resilience: New Horizons and Challenges for Blended Finance in Poland. Agriculture, 15, 754. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15070754
Lai, M., Li, W., Gao, Z., & Xing, Z. (2024). Evaluation, mechanism and policy implications of the symbiotic relationship among rural digitization, agricultural development and farmer enrichment: evidence from digital village pilots in China. Frontiers in Environmental Science. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2024.1361633
MacMillan, A. (1991). Agricultural investment projects: design problems and possible cures. Project Appraisal, 6(2), 75–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/02688867.1991.9726798
Mansuri, G., & Rao, V. (2013). Localizing Development: Does Participation Work? World Bank.
Mapanje, O., Karuaihe, S., Machethe, C., & Amis, M. (2023). Financing Sustainable Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of the Role of Financial Technologies. Sustainability, 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054587
Markelova, H., Meinzen-Dick, R., Hellin, J., & Dohrn, S. (2009). Collective action for smallholder market access. Food Policy, 34(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.10.001
Morea, D., & Balzarini, M. (2018). Financial sustainability of a public-private partnership for an agricultural development project in Sub-Saharan Africa. Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská Ekonomika), 64, 389–398. https://doi.org/10.17221/161/2017-AGRICECON
Neuendorf, K. A., & Kumar, A. (2015). Emerging Trends in Content Analysis. The International Encyclopedia of Political Communication, 1(May), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0053
Nguri, J. W., Ochieng, D. D. E., & Wainaina, P. G. (2024). The Impact of Implementation Capacity on the Link between Infrastructure Financing and Success in Kenya’s Vision 2030 Public Projects. International Journal of Project Management, 6(5), 20–31. https://doi.org/10.47672/ijpm.2554
OECD. (2010). Quality Standards for Development Evaluation. https://doi.org/10.1787/74c6a864-ko
Ogunyiola, A., Gardezi, M., & Vij, S. (2022). Smallholder farmers’ engagement with climate smart agriculture in Africa: role of local knowledge and upscaling. Climate Policy, 22, 411–426. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2021.2023451
Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge University Press.
Pickson, R. B., Gui, P., Jian, L., & Boateng, E. (2025). The role of private sector investment in agriculture: A catalyst for sustainable development in Asia. Sustainable Development, 33(1), 113–128. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.3105
Pinto, J., & Slevin, D. (1987). Critical Factors in Successful Project Implementation. Engineering Management, IEEE Transactions On, EM-34, 22–27. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.1987.6498856
Schreier, M. (2014). Qualitative Content Analysis. In The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis. SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446282243.n12
Setiawan, B. (2025). The Influence of Foreign Loan Lender Guidelines on the Project Consulting Services Tender in Indonesia. Journal of Infrastructure Policy and Management. https://doi.org/10.35166/jipm.v8i1.101
Sharma, I., Essink, D., Fumado, V., Mridha, M., Bhattacharjee, L., & Broerse, J. (2021). What Influences the Implementation and Sustainability of Nutrition-Sensitive Agriculture Interventions? A Case Study from Southern Bangladesh. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112049
Strauss, A. L., & Corbin, J. M. (1998). Basics of Qualitative Research : Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. Sage Publications, Inc.
Sulaiman, F. (2016). Poverty Alleviation Program in Agricultural Sector: Lessons Learned and Issues. Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi, 16(2), 75. https://doi.org/10.21082/fae.v16n2.1998.75-86
Sun, X. (2022). How to Develop Agricultural Modernization by Inclusive Finance Under Modern Information Technology. In 2021 International Conference on Big Data Analytics for Cyber-Physical System in Smart City (pp. 805–813). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7469-3_89
Theda, P. O., Nasution, E. B., & Pandjaitan XIV, Q. G. B. (2023). Analisis Kebijakan Luar Negeri Australia: Studi Kasus Penguatan Ketahanan Pangan Indonesia (2013-2021) [Australia Foreign Policy Analysis: The Study Case of Indonesia Food Security Strengthening (2013-2021)]. Verity: Jurnal Ilmiah Hubungan Internasional (International Relations Journal), 15(29), 47–60. https://doi.org/10.19166/verity.v15i29.7406
Todaro, M. P., & Smith, S. C. (2020). Economic Development. Pearson.
Todorović, M. L., Petrović, D. Č., Mihić, M. M., Obradović, V. L., & Bushuyev, S. D. (2015). Project success analysis framework: A knowledge-based approach in project management. International Journal of Project Management, 33(4), 772–783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2014.10.009
Ussa’diyah, N., Vidriza, U., & Sua’idy, A. (2022). Peran Pinjaman Luar Negeri Dalam APBN Pada Pembiayaan Pembangunan di Indonesia. Journal of Development Economic and Digitalization. https://doi.org/10.59664/jded.v1i1.5363
Varajão, J., & Trigo, A. (2024). Assessing IT Project Success: Perception vs. Reality. Queue, 22(4), 34–53. https://doi.org/10.1145/3687999
Wankmüller, C., & Reiner, G. (2021). Identifying Challenges and Improvement Approaches for More Efficient Procurement Coordination in Relief Supply Chains. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042204
Weerasekara, D., Disaratna, V., Withanage, K., & Perera, B. (2021). Procurement management in the foreign-funded construction projects implemented in Sri Lanka. International Journal of Construction Management, 23, 1118–1130. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2021.1956674
Wisnujati, N., Zuhriyah, A., Sangadji, S., & Suhardi, S. (2025). Management project performance in Indonesia’s food estate development: A stakeholder, institutional, and communication perspective. Journal of Project Management. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.jpm.2024.12.004
World Bank. (2017). ICT in Agriculture: Connecting Smallholders to Knowledge, Networks, and Institutions. World Bank.
World Bank. (2020a). Indonesia: Integrated Corporation of Agricultural Resources Empowerment (ICARE) Project – Project Appraisal Document. World Bank.
World Bank. (2020b). Loan Agreement: ICARE Project.
World Bank. (2022). The World Bank Annual Report 2022: Helping Countries Adapt to a Changing World. Washington, DC : World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/ar2022en
World Bank. (2024). Implementation Completion and Results Report: Indonesia ICARE Project. World Bank.
Yuan, X., Zhang, J., Shi, J., & Wang, J. (2024). What can green finance do for high-quality agricultural development? Fresh insights from China. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 94, 101920. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2024.101920
Zhao, Z. (2025). Research and Exploration of Inclusive Finance on the Transformation of Agricultural Development. SHS Web of Conferences 225, 03010 (2025) ICFMDE 2025, 03010.
