ANALISIS KRITIS TERHADAP PARADIGMA DAN KERANGKA DASAR KEBIJAKAN KETAHANAN PANGAN NASIONAL
Keywords:
food security, strategy, policy, paradigm, ketahanan pangan, kebijakan, paradigma, strategiAbstract
An effective and efficient national food security strategy and policy can only be formulated using an appropriate paradigm. Food security paradigm evolves as food security context changes and in line with development of scientific understanding of the issue. This paper discusses evaluation of the food security paradigm and their application in designing strategy and framework of food security policy in Indonesia. It is shown that the national food sufficiency-oriented policy belongs to the food availability approach which has been empirically proven can not assure household or individual food security. The more appropriate paradigm is the food entitlement approach. Based on this paradigm, national food security strategy and policy should be designed comprehensively that includes food availability, access and utilization dimensions, and risk mitigation related to the three dimensions in an integrated macro-micro scale.
References
Alamgir, M. and P. Arora. 1991. Providing Food Security for All. New York University Press for The International Fund for Agricultural Development.
Byron, W.J. 1988. On the Protection and Promotion of the Right to Food: An Ethical Reflection. In B.W.J. LeMay (eds.), Sience, Ethics, and Food. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. and International Rice Research Institute, Manila, p.14-30.
Chung, K.; Haddad, L.; Ramakrishma, J.; and Riely, F. 1997. Identifying the Food Insecure: The Application of Mixed-Method Approaches in India. Interna-tional Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C.
Devarajan, S., L. Squire, and S. Suthwart-Narueput. 1997. Beyond Rate of Return : Reorienting Project Appraisal. World Bank Research Observer 1 2( 1) : 35-46.
FAO. 1998. Guidelines for National Food Insecurity and Vulneravbility Information and Mapping Systems (FIVIMS): Background and Principles. Committee on World Food Security CFS: 98/5, 24th Session, 2-5 June 1998. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.
Foraete, H.M. 2001. Food Secudity Strategies for the Republic of Fiji. Working Paper No. 55. The CGPRT Centre, Bogor.
Gross, R.; H. Chovenberger; H. Pfeifer and H.J. Straus. 2000. Four Dimensions of Food and Nutrition Security: Definitions and Concepts. SCN News No. 20. July.
Halavatau, S.M. and N.V. Halavatau. 2001. Food Security Strategies for the Kingdom of Tonga. Working Paper No. 57: The CGPRT Centre, Bogor.
Hammer, J.S. 1997. Economic Analysis for Health Projects. World Bank Research Observer 1 2( 1) : 47-71 .
Kendall, A; Olson, C.M.; and Frongillo, E.A 1995. Validation of the Radimerl Cornell Measures of Hunger and Foor Security Journal of Nutrition 125(11): 2792¬2801.
Locke, C.G. and F.Z. Ahmadi-Esfahami. 1993. Famine Analysis: A Study of Entitlement in Sudan, 1984-1985. Eco-nomic Development and Cultural Change 41 (2) : 363-376.
Mateus, A 1983. Tragetting Food Subsidies for the Needy. The Use of Cost Benefit Analysis and Institutional Design. Staff Working Paper 617. World Bank. Washington, D.C.
Maxwell, D.G. 1996. Measuring Food Insecurity: The Frequency and Severity of Coping Strategies. Food Policy 21 (3):291-303.
Maxwell, S.; and Frankenberger, T. 1992. Household Food Security: Concepts, Indicators, Measurements: A Technical Review. UNICEF and IFAD, New York and Rome.
Radimer, K.; Olson, C.; Campbell, C. 1990. Development and Indicators to Access Hunger. Journal of Nutrition 120:1544-1548.
Sen, A 1981. Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Sen, A 1989. Food and Freedom. World Development 17(6):769-781.
Simatupang, P. 1999. Toward Sustainable Food Security: The World to a New Paradigm. In Simatupang, P.; Pasaribu, S.; Bakri, S.; and Stinger, B. (eds.). Indonesia Economic Crisis: Effects on Agriculture and Policy Responses. CASER-CIES University of Adelaide, Australia. P.141-167.
Simatupang, P. and E. Fleming. 2001. Integrated Report: Food Security Strategies for Selected South Pacific Island Countries. Working Paper 110.59 The CGPRT Centre, Bogar.
Strauss, J. and D. Thomes. 1998. Health, Nutrition, and Economic Development. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Swaminathan, M.S. 1995. Population, Environ-ment, and Food Security. Issues in Agriculture No.7, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research. Washington, D.C.
Timmer, C.P. 1996. Does Bulog Stabilise Rice Prices in Indonesia? Should It Try ? Bulletin of Indonesian Economics Studies 32 (2): 45 – 74.
Timmer, C.P. 1997. Farmers and Markets: The Political Economy of New Paradigms. American Journal of Agricultural Econo-mics 79(2):621-627.
Timmer, C.P. 2004. Food Security and Economic Growth : An Asian Perspective. H.W. And Memorial Lecture. Australian Natio-nal University.
Van Braun, J.; Bouis, I.H.; Kumar, S.; and Pandya-Lorch, R. 1992. Improving Food Security of the Poor: Concept, Policy and Programs. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C.
Van Braun, J.; McComb, J.; Fred-Mensah, B.K.; and Pandya-Lorch, R. 1993. Urban Food Insecurity and Malnutrition in Developing Countries: Ti-ends, Policies, and Research Implications. International Food Policy Pesearch Institute, Washington, D.C.
Watts, M.; and Bohle, H. 1993. Hunger, Famine and the Space of Vulnerability. GeojournaI 30(2):117-126.
Welegtabit, S.R. 2001. Food Security Strategies for Vanuatu. Working Paper No. 58. The CGPRT Centre, Bogor.
World Bank. 1986. Poverty and Hunger: Issues and Options fer Food Security In Developing Countries. World Bank. Washington, D.C.
