ESENSI DAN URGENSI KAJI TINDAK PARTISIPATIF DALAM PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT PERDESAAN BERBASIS SUMBERDAYA PERTANIAN
Keywords:
action research, participatory, empowerment, community, agriculture, rural, kaji tindak, partisipatif, pemberdayaan, masyarakat, pertanian, perdesaanAbstract
It is believed that action research has been numerously implemented for a long time in Indonesia. Nevertheless, it can be generally stated that its implementation was relatively lack in accommodating farmer’s aspiration. As a result, a method of participatory action research needs to be recommended. This article aims to review the essence and urgency of participatory action research focused on rural community-based agricultural empowerment. At least, there are three pillars of participatory action research towards community empowerment, namely participation, facilitation, and intervention. However, the implementation of participatory action research is time-consuming and depends on community’s initiative in determining needs priority. Interactive participation and creativity through participation as well as democracy-based facilitation and intervention should be carried out. Hence, it is implied that the development of community’s aspiration (button-up approach) still requires top-down approach, which is free from paternalistic attribute.
References
Ana, B.R. 2001. Sintesa Model Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (Studi Kasus Proyek P4K, KUM, P2LK, PHT, KUF dan DELIVERI). Bina Swadaya dan Department for Inter-national Development. Jakarta.
Avison, D., R. Baskerville, and M. Myers. 2001. Controlling Action Research Projects. Information Technology and People, Vol. 14, No. 1.
Bagpro PHT-PR Jawa Timur. 2003. Laporan Pe-laksanaan SLPHT (Sekolah Lapang Pe-ngendalian Hama Terpadu) Kopi Jawa Timur. Bagian Proyek Pengendalaian Ha-ma Terpadu Perkebunan Rakyat Jawa Timur. Jombang.
Basuno, E., R.N. Suhaeti, S. Wahyuni, R.S. Rivai, T. Pranaji, G.S.Budhi, dan M. Iqbal. 2005. Kaji Tindak (Action Research) Pember-dayaan Masyarakat di Wilayah Tertinggal. Laporan Penelitian. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian. Bogor.
Brown, L.D. 1985. People Centered Development and Participatory Research. Harvard Edu-cational Review. Vol. 55, No. 3. Boston.
Buchori, A., Sanusi, dan S.R. Amelia (Editor). 2003. Hanya Sebuah Langkah, Bukan Akhir Perjalanan. PWD-IPB. Bogor.
Bunch, R. 1991. Dua Tongkol Jagung : Pedoman Pengembangan Pertanian Berpangkal pada Rakyat. Terjemahan dari Two Earns of Corn : A Guide to People-Centered Agricultural Development (Penerjemah : Ilya Moeltono). Yayasan Obor Indonesia. Jakarta.
Burns, R. 1994. Introduction to Research Methods in Education (second edition). Longman Cheshire, Melbourne.
Chalmers, A.F. 1982. What is this Thing called Science? University of Queensland Press, Brisbane.
Checkldan, P. 1991. From Framework through Experience to Learning : the Essential Nature of Action Research (Editor : Nissen, H.E., et al). Information Systems Re-search, Contemporary Approaches and Emergent Traditions. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Checkoway, B. 1995. Six Strategies of Community Change. Community Development Journal Vol. 30, No. 1. Oxford University Press. Oxford.
Curtis, A. and Lockwood, M. 2000. Landcare dan Catchment Management in Australia : Lesson for State-Sponsored Community Participation. Society and Natural Resources. Vol. 13, No. 1.
Deptan. 2002. Agricultural Development Program 2001-2004. Ministry of Agriculture. Jakarta.
Dilts, R. dan J. Pointius. 2000. Integrated Pest Management-Farmers Field School (IPM-FFS) : Changing Paradigm and Scaling-up. Agriculture Research and Extension Network Paper. Indonesian National IPM Program. Jakarta.
Elden, M., and Chisholm, R.F. 1993. Emerging Varieties of Action Research : Introduction to the Special Issue. Human Relation.
Gonsalves, J., T. Becker, A. Braun, D. Campilon, H. de Chaves, E. Fajber, M. Capiriri, J.R. Caminade, and R. Vernooy (Editors). 2005. Participatory Research and Development for Sustainable Agricultural and Natural Resource Management : A Resource Book (Glossary). International Potato Center-Users Perspective with Agricultural Re-search and Development. Philippines.
Good, C.V. dan D.E. Scates. 1972. Methods of Research. Apleton-Century-Crofts. New York.
Groottaert, C. 2002. Quantitative Analysis of Social Capital Data. Understdaning and Mea-suring Social Capital : A Multidisciplinary Tool for Practitioners (Editors : Grootaers, C., and T. van Bastelaer). The World Bank. Washington DC.
Henderson, D. 2005. Action Research as a Strategy for Advancing Community-Based Natural Resources Management. Participatory Re-search and Development for Sus-tainable Agricultural and Natural Resource Mana-gement : A Resource Book (Editors : Gonsalves, J. et al). International Potato Center-Users Perspective with Agricultural Research and Development. Philippines.
Hornby, A.S. 1995. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. (Editors : Jonathan C., K. Kavanagh, and M. Ashby). Oxford University Press. Oxford.
Hult, M. dan S. Lennung. 1980. Towards a Definition of Action Research : A note and a Bibliography. Journal of Management Studies. Vol. 17.
Iqbal, M. 2003. Farmer’s Participation and Empowerment in the Coffee Integrated Pest Management for Smallholder Estate Crops in East Java Province. Unpublished Master Thesis. University of the Philippines. Los Baños.
Johnston, M. 1982. The Labyrinth of Community Participation : Experience in Indonesia. Community Development Journal, Vol. 17, No. 3.
Kerlinger, F.N. 1973. Foundations of Behaviorial Research. Eaglewood Clifft, Prentice-Hall. New York.
McKay, J. and P. Marshall. 2001. Dual Imperatives in Action Research. Information Tech-nology and People. Vol. 14, No. 1.
Niehof, A., G.T. Castillo, and K.O. Fuglie. 2003. Participatory Research with User Groups : Key Issues and Challenges. International Potato Center. Philippines.
Pakpahan, A. 2005. Investing on Farmers’ Welfare. Jakarta Post, 11 February 2005. Jakarta.
Pretty, J. 1995. Regenerating Agriculture : Policies and Practice for Sustainability and Self-Reliance. Earthscan Publications. London.
SEAMEO SEARCA. 1999. Empowering Farmers : The Second Edition Monograph of the SEMEAO SEARCA Evaluation Team through the KASAKALIKASAN Program. Pre-Project Completion-Impact Evaluation (KaPCIE) Project. (Editors : Medina J.R. and D.P. Callo Jr). The Southeast Asian Members of Education Organization – Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture. Philippines.
Selener, D. 1997. Participatory Action Research and Social Change. Cornell University. Ithaca, New York.
Silitonga, C., D.J. Rachbini, M.H. Sawit, dan A. Pakpahan. 1995. Perkembangan Ekonomi Pertanian Nasional (1969-1994). Peringa-tan 25 Tahun Perhimpunan Ekonomi Pertanian Indonesia. Jakarta.
Stinson, A. 1979. Action Research for Community Action in Community Development : Theory and Method of Planned Change (Editor : A. Chekki). Vikas Publishing House PVT Ltd., New Delhi, Bombay, Bangalore, Calcutta, Kanpur.
Sumodiningrat, G. 1997. Pembangunan Daerah dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat. PT Bina Rena Pariwara. Jakarta.
Sumpeno, W. 2004. Sekolah Masyarakat: Menerap-kan Rapid Training Design Dalam Mem-bangun Kapasitas. Catholic Relief Ser-vices. Jakarta.
Syahyuti. 2007. Kebijakan Pengembangan Ga-bungan Kelompok Tani (Gapoktan) seba-gai Kelembagaan Ekonomi Perdesaan. Analisis Kebijakan Pertanian Vol. 5, No. 1, Maret 2007. Pusat Analisis Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian. Bogor.
Tandon, R. 1981. Participatory Research in the Empowerment of People. Center for Continuing Education. Canberra.
Velasco, L.R.I. 2000. Extension Approaches to Rice Integrated Pest Management in the Philippines. Proceeding of Workshop on “Recent Agricultural Extension Approaches”. University of the Philippines. Los Baños.
Werner, S. 1998. Local Level Institution and Collective Action. Social Development Department. The World Bank. Washington DC.
Yusof, K., S. Batumalai; W.Y. Lin, and J. Okamura. 1989. Manual : the ABCs of Community Participation in Primary Health Care. Department of Publication, University of Malaya. Kuala Lumpur.
