Krisis Global dan Implikasinya bagi Pertanian Indonesia: Perubahan Iklim, Konflik Geopolitik, dan Spekulasi Pasar
Keywords:
iklim, geopolitik, pasar, krisis, pertanianAbstract
Krisis pangan global yang berulang dalam dua dekade terakhir menunjukkan bahwa sistem pangan dunia berada dalam tekanan multidimensional, yang bersumber dari interaksi kompleks antara perubahan iklim, konflik geopolitik, dan spekulasi pasar komoditas. Studi ini menganalisis bagaimana ketiga faktor global tersebut berdampak terhadap sektor pertanian Indonesia, khususnya dalam aspek produktivitas, distribusi, dan ketahanan pangan nasional. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi kualitatif deskriptif dengan teknik studi pustaka (library research). Data dikumpulkan dari sumber-sumber sekunder, seperti jurnal ilmiah yang terindeks (Scopus, Google Scholar, ResearchGate), laporan lembaga internasional (FAO, World Bank), serta publikasi resmi pemerintah Indonesia. Analisis dilakukan melalui pendekatan tematik untuk mengidentifikasi pola hubungan antara fenomena global dan dampaknya terhadap sistem pangan Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perubahan iklim memperparah ketidakpastian musim tanam dan meningkatkan risiko gagal panen, sedangkan konflik internasional seperti perang Rusia–Ukraina mengganggu pasokan gandum dan pupuk. Di sisi lain, spekulasi harga dan dominasi perusahaan multinasional dalam rantai pasok global memperlemah posisi tawar petani domestik serta memicu fluktuasi harga di pasar dalam negeri. Implikasi dari krisis ini terhadap Indonesia mencakup penurunan daya beli masyarakat miskin, peningkatan ketergantungan impor, serta lemahnya infrastruktur logistik dan sistem distribusi nasional. Artikel ini merekomendasikan perumusan kebijakan ketahanan pangan yang lebih tangguh, berbasis pada diversifikasi produksi lokal, penguatan sistem peringatan dini, dan tata kelola pangan yang inklusif serta berkeadilan.
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