Forum penelitian Agro Ekonomi (FAE) adalah media komunikasi ilmiah yang memuat tinjauan kritis (critical review) hasil-hasil penelitian, gagasan-gagasan ataupun konsepsi-konsepsi orisinal dalam bidang sosial ekonomi pertanian. FAE diterbitkan dua kali setahun yaitu pada bulan Juli dan Desember oleh Pusat Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian, Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia. Jurnal FAE terakreditasi sesuai dengan Keputusan Direktur Jenderal Penguatan Riset dan Pengembangan Kementerian Riset, Teknologi, dan Pendidikan Tinggi Republik Indonesia dengan nomor sertifikat 21/E/KPT/2018 tanggal 9 Juli 2018. Pada Tahun 2021 FAE mengajukan akreditasi ulang kembali dan mendapatkan peringkat SINTA 2 sesuai dengan Surat Keputusan Direktur Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi, Riset, dan Teknologi Nomor 158/E/KPT/2021, tanggal 9 Desember 2021. Pusat Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian (PSEKP), Kementerian Pertanian telah mengelola Jurnal Forum penelitian Agro Ekonomi (FAE) sejak tahun 1981. Seiring adanya perubahan Tugas Pokok dan Fungsi PSEKP sesuai Permentan No. 19 Tahun 2022, PSEKP tidak relevan untuk mengelola jurnal FAE. Agar jurnal FAE tetap terkelola berkelanjutan, maka PSEKP telah melakukan pengalihan pengelolaan termasuk sistem e-journal FAE ke organisasi profesi Perhimpunan Ekonomi Pertanian Indonesia (PERHEPI) terhitung sejak Januari 2024. Alamat baru dari ejournal FAE adalah https://fae.perhepi.org. Bagi para penulis yang ingin mensubmit naskah baru silahkan mengakses alamat tersebut. Bersama ini juga kami berterima kasih kepada para penulis, redaksi, dan mitra bestari serta seluruh pihak yang selama ini telah berkontribusi selama perjalanan jurnal FAE di PSEKP. Kami berharap kedepannya jurnal FAE masih dapat terus berkembang lebih baik dan menjadi Sinta-1. Atas perhatiannya kami sampaikan terima kasih.
PETANI MILENIAL: REGENERASI PETANI DI SEKTOR PERTANIAN
During 2016–2020, there has been a decline in the number of workers in the agriculture sector. Negative perceptions make the agriculture sector no longer promising and are slowly being abandoned, especially by the younger generation. This study analyzed the problems and the efforts to attract and develop millennial farmers. This study is a qualitative study using a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis of the available secondary data. The results show that youth involvement is lower in the agriculture sector. Several factors, such as wage or income levels, unsupportive policies and lack of access to technology, self-development, and capital, cause it. Therefore, it is necessary to regenerate farmers through the development of millennial farmers by attracting the younger generation's interest in the agricultural profession, developing modern agriculture, supporting government policies, agricultural vocational education, and easy access to agriculture.
Copyright (c) 2024 Pusat Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian
POTENSI DAN KENDALA SISTEM RESI GUDANG (SRG) UNTUK MENDUKUNG PEMBIAYAAN USAHA PERTANIAN DI INDONESIA
Price fall of agricultural commodities usually taking place during harvest season adversely affect the farmers. The government addresses this issue through launching the Warehouse Receipt System (SRG). This paper critically reviews potencies and constraints of WRS in supporting agricultural finance and its improvement measures. Theoretically, SRG provides potential benefits, especially in financial support, stabilizing price fluctuation, increasing farmers’ income, credit mobilization, improving product quality, etc. However, SRG implementation in the agricultural sector encounters a number of constraints, such as high transaction costs, inconsistency of quantity and quality of agricultural products, lack of bank support, and weak farmers’ institutions. Since the farmers’ institutions are not well organized yet, SRG procedures seem very complicated and need simplification. In addition, SRG promotion and more conducive government policy are also necessary to optimize this credit scheme.
Copyright (c) 2016 Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi
PERAN KELOMPOK TANI DALAM PENERAPAN TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN
This paper describes roles of farmers’ groups in agricultural technology application. A farmers’ group is defined as a group of farmers informally consolidate themselves based on their common goals in farming activities. Initial spirit of establishing a farmers’ group is to strengthen farmers’ bargaining position, especially in terms of collective purchasing of farm inputs and selling their agricultural products efficiently. Indonesia has a long experience in formation of farmers’ groups since Mass Intensification (BIMAS) and Special Intensification (INSUS) were launched in 1970s-1980s. Currently, most of farmers groups in Indonesia are not formed by farmers themselves, but they are mostly formed as a response to the government program that requires farmers to become members of a farmers’ group. Most of government support for farmers, such as distribution of subsidized fertilizer, agricultural extension, subsidized farm credits and other programs are distributed to farmers’ group or farmers’ groups association. Introduction and promotion of a new technology is also delivered through farmers’ groups. Thus, the roles of a farmers’ group are not only as the means of distributing government assistance and extension services, but also as the agent for new technology adoption.
PROSPEK PENGEMBANGAN SORGUM DI JAWA BARAT MENDUKUNG DIVERSIFIKASI PANGAN
One of issues in Indonesia related with food security is reliance on imported foods, especially wheat and rice. To cope with this issue, development of local food crops substitute to both foods is essential particularly those adapted to dry land characterized by barrenness, high erosion risk, and limited water supply. Sorghum is one of local food crops to these drought characteristics. Use of sorghum as flour for producing processed foods (noodles, breads, cakes, etc.) can substitute up to 15 to 50 percent of wheat flour. Other industrial products, as well as bio-ethanol, can also be produced using sorghum. Sorghum crop waste is contains high nutrients appropriate for animal feed. To encourage sorghum cultivation in the dry land it is necessary to apply an integrated agribusiness, namely sorghum plant, flour processing, bio ethanol processing, and cattle farming, conducted in a large scale. Development of sorghum processing industries is essential in expanding sorghum market as well as its economic value. In the same time cattle farming is essential to maintain dry land fertility. As an initial stage, this integrated business should be conducted by BUMN (government own companies) facilitated by subsidized investment credit.
PENGEMBANGAN AGROFORESTRY UNTUK MENDUKUNG KETAHANAN PANGAN DAN PEMBERDAYAAN PETANI SEKITAR HUTAN
Agroforestry is developed to offer benefits to the nearby communities. It also aims at producing food. Improving food production could be carried out through an extensification program, such as an agro forestry system. Ministry of Forestry also takes a part in national food security through agro forestry where it is an intercropping between food crops and forest trees. Agro forestry is run using a Community-Based Forest Management (PHBM). To integrate forest preservation and community development, PHBM facilitates establishment of Forest Village Community Organization (LMDH). Agro forestry commonly involves LMDH contributes to 41.32 percent of the households’ income and creates employment of 2.39 persons per hectare. Agro forestry is effective in improving income distribution, households’ income, food production, and poverty alleviation in the communities nearby the forests.
DELANDREFORMISASI SEBAGAI GEJALA ANTI LANDREFORM DI INDONESIA: Karakter, Penyebab dan Upaya untuk Pengendaliannya
Since Indonesia’s independence up to the reform era, land reform is acknowledged but it has not been effectively implemented. However, there is also an inverse process called as de-land-reform with its objectives inconsistently with the ideal purposes of land reform. It seems as the natural symptoms due to social-economic political environment and inside condition of the farmers themselves. De-land-reform process gets no attention, so far, and no serious efforts to cope with it. De-land-reform consists of selling farmers’ land, land fragmentation such that it does not achieve scale of economy, and uncontrollable land conversion. This is due to social-economic political pressures, and community’s social-culture. It needs common awareness as an initial phase of control, but, unfortunately, the government, community, and observers do not pay attention to this process.
PERSPEKTIF DAN PERAN SOSIOLOGI EKONOMI DALAM PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI MASYARAKAT
Economic sociology is a sociological perspective that explains economic phenomena, mainly related to aspects of production, distribution, exchange, consumption of goods, services, and resources, aiming at improving people’s welfare. Contribution of the sub-discipline of economic sociology improves along with the various socio-economic problems in the society both in developed and developing countries where they try to improve people’s welfare through its development programs. Progress of economic sociology cannot be separated from the ideas of classical sociology and new thinking in economic sociology since 1980s. Economic sociology studies in Indonesia showed that most of the studies are directed toward on how the community alleviates poverty. Currently, economic sociology studies social capital, as well as structural problems, institutional and national economic systems associated with welfare. The said national economic system is in accordance with the country’s constitution. On the other hand, the impacts of national development are also the focus of the studies since the development policies have not been able to realize a welfare society and inclusiveness in national development. It is based on the construction of the welfare state model with the main indicator of relatively equal development.
LUMBUNG PANGAN MASYARAKAT: KEBERADAAN DAN PERANNYA DALAM PENANGGULANGAN KERAWANAN PANGAN
Food barns are the food reserve institution commonly developed in rural areas and play roles in addressing community food insecurity. Food barns exist along with the rice culture and become a part of public food reserve system. The existence of food barns tend to decline due to some, namely: (a) the movement of green revolution which introduces improved rice varieties and agricultural modernization incompatible with the traditional food barn development; (b) the existence of Bulog that plays it role in stabilizing supply of food and rice price which is a disincentive to storing grain; (c) globalization leading to invention of various processed foods distributed to rural areas has changed people’s consumption pattern, and (d) inconsistent and project-oriented technical assistance. Food barns are generally established in the areas accustomed to food insecurity due to lack of access. Food barns may play role to cope with common food insecurity however not capable of dealing with unpredictable food insecurity, e.g. due to disaster. To deal with transient food insecurity it is necessary that the government establishes mobile food reserves such as conducted by Bulog. Food reserves institution is necessary in the autonomy regions along with decreased role of Bulog. Local government’s food reserve institution may be Local Government Enterprises (BUMD), private institution, or collaboration between those of local governments and Bulog. Food insecurity management is also poverty alleviation exertion. Therefore, addressing food security is not only related to food production and provision but it is also infrastructure improvement and human resource development.
KENDALA ADOPSI BENIH BERSERTIFIKAT UNTUK USAHATANI KENTANG
Most potato farmers in Indonesia do not adopt certified potato seed. Relatively expensive price of certified seed is the main reason the farmers apply the seed produced by themselves. In general, prices of potato produced using certified seed and those produced using uncertified seed are relatively equal. The farmers who regularly apply certified seed are those having partnership with the potato processor. High risk of potato seed production discourages the certified seed producers to produce it in sufficient amount for market supply. Less cost of certified seed production and improved potato selling price will enhance farmers’ adoption of certified seed. The government needs to empower the farmers to produce quality seed by themselves through informal seed system development rather than they have to depend on commercial certified-seed produced by the formal seed industry.
KONSEP DAN IMPLEMENTASI PEMBANGUNAN PERTANIAN BERKELANJUTAN DI INDONESIA
Sustainable development including that of agriculture is all of the countries’ commitment to implement. Previous development implementation focused on economic progress resulting in environmental degradation and social problems. Sustainable development approach is basically development activities integrating economic, social, and environmental aspects. However, this concept is not fully implemented by all of the countries as depicted in the agreement. It is indicated by many problems related with environmental degradation and natural resources deprivation. Implementation of sustainable agricultural development deals with some constraints especially in developing countries including in Indonesia. One of the main constraints in Indonesia is interest conflict among sectors leading to separated implementation. Sustainable development concept is a multi-dimensional approach implemented through integrated program among sectors both at central and regional levels.
PENGEMBANGAN AGRO-INDUSTRI PERDESAAN DENGAN PENDEKATAN ONE VILLAGE ONE PRODUCT (OVOP)
Agro-industry development in rural areas could be implemented using an OVOP approach. As a people movement, this agro-industry needs active participation of all related institutions. The inter-related elements under the agribusiness system on this approach requests willingness of all related parties, from the upstream to the downstream of agricultural system cycle. The working steps for its application cover the selection of local specific product, identification of product strengths and associated constraints for development for higher quality and for global market, application of product development (processing and marketing) for added value and income improvement, and implementation of evaluation for better future product and business performances. The OVOP approach could be applied in rural areas of Indonesia if all stakeholders along with their respective institutions are in favor of the rural people’s interest.
POLA KOMUNIKASI DALAM PENGEMBANGAN MODAL MANUSIA DAN SOSIAL PERTANIAN
This paper aims to analyze the high quality of agricultural human capital and social indicators in improving the performance of national development and to formulate their communication patterns to support capacity building of human and social capital of agriculture in every line of agricultural development. The lack of agricultural human capital and social capital capacity is one of the constraints causing the accessibility limitation for Indonesian agriculture to face the global competition. The low farmer’s education attainment has caused a low capacity of farmers to manage information and to adopt new technology resulting the low products quality. At the extension level, the shortage number and quality of the extension workers has also contributed to that situation. Beside low of basic capability, most of the extension workers do not have adequate mental capacity, especially related to integrity, communication skills, and moral and ethical capacity. At the policy maker’s level, many local government institutions have no capacity to mapping agricultural resources along with their capability to make use of the available resources. With the high technical ability, agricultural human resource as a capital resource and as a social resource should have shared values and rules that expressed through personal relationships, trust, and common sense about the community responsibilities. To strengthen agricultural sector In supporting national development, agricultural sector need appropriate communication patterns for agricultural human resource improvement at each level of agricultural development. Such communication pattern should be based on the convergent-interaction communication through knowledge sharing model. This model is appropriate for both agricultural personnel and for farmers. Through active role of various institutions within the Ministry of Agriculture and with the help of modern information technology, a network to reach farmers could be achieved. The extension workers or village facilitators are required in the development of agricultural community because of its important function as problem analyst, group supervisor, trainers, innovators, and liaison officers.
capacity building of agricultural human resources
THE PERFORMANCE OF THE UPSUS PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION ON RICE PRODUCTION AND FARMERS’ INCOME
Padi merupakan komoditas pangan utama penduduk dan memiliki peran penting dalam perekonomian Indonesia. Pada tahun 2015 dilaksanakan Program Upsus oleh Kementerian Pertanian di 16 provinsi dan diperluas di 33 dari 34 provinsi di Indonesia pada 2016. Program Upsus telah dilaksanakan selama 5 tahun, namun demikian penelitian-penelitian mengenai kinerja pelaksanaan Program Upsus dari aspek peningkatan produksi dan pendapatan petani padi penerima program tidak banyak dilakukan. Naskah ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kinerja Program Upsus terhadap pencapaian target peningkatan produksi dan pendapatan usaha tani padi menggunakan metode analisis deskriptif dan difokuskan pada Provinsi Jawa Barat untuk mendapatkan gambaran implementasi secara nyata di lapangan. Program Upsus telah berhasil mempertahankan luas tanam padi dan mendorong peningkatan luas areal panen padi, tetapi tidak berhasil dalam mendorong pertumbuhan produktivitas dan peningkatan pendapatan petani padi. Dalam implementasi Program Upsus yang akan datang perlu diupayakan (1) mengembangkan perencanaan yang sistematis dan rinci berdasarkan evaluasi yang spesifik, komprehensif, dan terinci guna meningkatkan efektivitas pelaksanaan Program Upsus, (2) penguatan sistem penyuluhan pertanian dan peningkatan bantuan teknis untuk meningkatkan produktivitas dan kualitas padi dan beras yang dihasilkan, (3) melakukan perbaikan dan penguatan penyelenggaraan organisasi pelaksanaan Program Upsus mulai dari pusat hingga lokasi kegiatan, (4) menempatkan implementasi strategi pada fokus yang lebih besar untuk peningkatan produktivitas, baik melalui peningkatan penerapan paket teknologi budi daya pada usaha tani padi, maupun penurunan tingkat kehilangan hasil pada saat panen dan penanganan pascapanen, serta saat distribusi dan pemasaran, dan (5) mendorong peningkatan pendapatan petani dari usaha tani padi dan aktivitas penanganan panen dan pascapanen mereka.
Copyright (c) 2023 Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi
TINJAUAN KRITIS TERHADAP KEBIJAKAN HARGA GABAH DAN BERAS DI INDONESIA
The government intervened in unhulled rice and rice price policies which require a large budget and is faced with a trade off between protecting producers and consumers. There is also a rice trading system that has an interest in creating profits. This condition creates obstacles in achieving policy objectives. The objectives of this paper are (1) to analyze the effectiveness of unhulled rice and rice price policies and factors that affect policy effectiveness and (2) to formulate policy recommendations in minimizing side effects. Analysis using secondary data and literature review methods. Results showed that with the support of other rice policies, the price policy had achieved its goal of stabilizing prices and supporting economic stability. However, it is not yet effective enough to protect farmers' income and affordability of rice prices and safeguard government rice reserves. Pricing policies need to be carried out selectively with a clear target date and be accompanied by policy instruments for farmer income and food consumption flexibility, as well as encouraging farmer independence. Farmers can be facilitated to choose profitable commodities supported by an information system, market access, credit policies, input subsidies and agricultural infrastructure such as irrigation.
PENGEMBANGAN USAHA INTEGRASI SAWIT SAPI: DUKUNGAN LEGISLASI DAN STAKEHOLDER
The area of oil palm plantations is now reaching 14.7 million hectares, and it is an opportunity for Indonesia to develop an integrated beef cattle industry with the oil-palm integrated system. However, the development of this system is not massive yet. The problem, among others, is the plantation area owned by the smallholder farmers, which is not sufficient for grazing areas. To formulate concentrate feeds for the cattle, farmers need support from palm oil processing companies for their raw materials. This paper is prepared as a literature review aimed at analysing the prospects and constraints, legal aspects, and stakeholders' role in developing cattle-oil palm integration. This paper concludes that there is ample opportunity to create an oil palm-cattle integration system. Furthermore, oil palm industry development requires legal aspects, the number of farmers and companies, and organisations. A policy is needed to develop an oil palm-cattle integration system coordinated by the Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs. The needed policies, among others, organise smallholders involved in the integration system for easier access to technologies, extension, livestock health services, and access to feed raw materials such as palm kernel cake and sludge. The sustainability of oil palm-cattle integration efforts in the regions is needed to extend the status of current regulations regarding the integration system from Governor and Regency Regulations into Regional Regulations.
PERANAN PETANI MILENIAL MENDUKUNG EKSPOR HASIL PERTANIAN DI INDONESIA
A variety of start-ups and agricultural applications show that there has been an increasing interest in agriculture. Using information and communication technology to make agricultural products distribution and marketing more effective and efficient, millennial farmers are expected to improve the agricultural product export. However, exporting agricultural products is a challenge. Agricultural products are perishable and the exporters have to meet international food safety standards. The farmers deal with regulations, lack of facilities and infrastructures for production process, as well as the standards of Good Manufacturing Practices. This article aims to assess potentials of millennial farmers pioneering agricultural product export in Indonesia and to analyze the impact of various government policies to millennial farmers. They need appropriate technology to improve agricultural product value added and support for development potential of various agricultural start-ups. Required government supports include farm practice, export procedure training, and export market survey using internet, as well as conducive regulation easy access to financial service provider institution. Those supports will boost the millennial farmers’ spirit along with Ministry of Agriculture’s program of three-fold agricultural product export.
information and communication technology
PROSPECT FOR FARMERS’ ADOPTION OF TRUE SHALLOT SEED
Upaya peningkatan produksi bawang merah ditempuh melalui Program Lipat Ganda (PROLIGA) bawang merah dengan adopsi biji botani bawang merah atau True Shallot Seed (TSS) karena berbagai kelebihan, antara lain biaya benih murah, volume benih lebih sedikit, lebih tahan lama disimpan, dan potensi hasilnya lebih tinggi. Makalah ini bertujuan mengulas prospek adopsi TSS oleh petani berdasarkan ulasan (review) berbagai publikasi dan laporan hasil penelitian maupun proyek percontohan. Produksi TSS di Indonesia belum pada skala komersial, tetapi masih dalam skala percobaan. TSS yang digunakan untuk pilot proyek merupakan benih impor karena produksi TSS di dalam negeri masih sangat terbatas. Petani umumnya lebih memilih menanam umbi mini dibanding TSS karena masa tanam yang lebih singkat. Pada taraf tertentu potensi hasil TSS lebih tinggi dari benih umbi. TSS memiliki beberapa kelemahan, yaitu perlu pesemaian 5−7 minggu, daya tumbuh TSS menjadi umbi mini relatif rendah, dan penyakit yang membuat batang tanaman tumbuh bengkok. Penanaman bawang merah menggunakan TSS memerlukan waktu lebih lama dibanding menggunakan umbi mini maupun umbi. Peningkatan skala produksi untuk pasokan TSS di dalam negeri dan jaringan produsen umbi mini dengan petani akan dapat meningkatkan adospi TSS.
IMPACTS OF UPSUS PROGRAM ON THE COST EFFICIENCY AND COMPETITIVENESS OF RICE PRODUCTION IN INDONESIA
Program Upsus adalah program nasional yang dirintis pada tahun 2014 dan mulai diterapkan secara besar-besaran pada tahun 2015. Dalam program ini, padi mendapatkan porsi terbesar dari anggaran pemerintah, dan diharapkan dapat meningkatkan produksi beras melalui peningkatan luas areal panen dan produktivitas. Target yang ditetapkan adalah bahwa Indonesia akan mencapai swasembada beras lagi dalam tiga tahun. Setelah itu, targetnya adalah Indonesia dapat memelihara keberlanjutan swasembada beras, mencapai surplus untuk ekspor setelah 2017, dan dalam jangka panjang Indonesia akan menjadi lumbung pangan dunia pada tahun 2045. Saat ini, program tersebut telah dilaksanakan selama lima tahun dan analisis dampak dari penerapan program Upsus terhadap sisi efisiensi biaya dan daya saing produksi beras Indonesia ini penting untuk dikaji. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk membahas kerangka teoritis dan konseptual pengaruh program Upsus terhadap peningkatan efisiensi biaya dan daya saing produksi padi pada tingkat usaha tani. Alat analisis yang dapat digunakan untuk ini adalah perbandingan antara sebelum dan sesudah implementasi program Upsus yang terdiri dari regresi fungsi stochastic frontier cost (SFC), policy analysis matrix (PAM), analisis distribusi kepadatan kernel, dan model regresi berganda pengaruh peningkatan efisiensi biaya terhadap perubahan daya saing. Beberapa rekomendasi kebijakan yang dihasilkan dari pembahasan makalah ini berguna untuk lebih membantu meningkatkan strategi implementasi selanjutnya dari program Upsus pada padi.
PENGENTASAN RUMAH TANGGA RAWAN PANGAN DAN GIZI: BESARAN, PENYEBAB, DAMPAK, DAN KEBIJAKAN
One of the next development agendas is quality human capital improvement. However, the progress is affected by proportion of food insecure households not insignificantly improving. It is similar to prevalence of stunted under-five-year-old children as high as 27.9%. This paper is a critical review aiming to analyze magnitude, determinant, impact and policy alternative related with food and nutrition insecurity alleviation. Food and nutrition insecurity could be seen from perspectives of areas (island/district/city), households and individuals. Currently, there are five indicators used by the government to calculate food insecurity including three global indicators and 2 country indicators resulting in different proportion of households with food and nutrition security. There are various interlinked determinants consisting of purchasing power, sociocultural aspects, infrastructure, and natural resources. Therefore, efforts to reduce these problems should be comprehensive, sustainable and consistent in planning and implementation. Policy on self-sufficiency should be developed on the specific regions based on local resources and culture. The policy should be implemented through community empowerment especially among the poor for improving income and basic infrastructure in insecure areas. To achieve the goals, there should be collaboration between governments and representatives at central and local levels, as well as individuals.
THE DETERMINANTS OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION
Pertanian memiliki peran penting karena lebih dari 60% populasi dunia bergantung pada pertanian sebagai mata pencaharian. Salah satu faktor penyumbang besar terhadap pertumbuhan produktivitas pertanian adalah penerapan teknologi baru. Teknologi baru pertanian diharapkan berperan sebagai jalan penting untuk keluar dari kemiskinan di sebagian besar negara berkembang. Namun, realita menunjukkan tingkat adopsi teknologi pertanian dianggap masih relatif rendah. Makalah ini merupakan scientific review yang merangkum dan menganalisis hasil-hasil penelitian tentang adopsi teknologi pertanian. Tujuan makalah adalah untuk mengamati pengalaman di sejumlah negara terkait adopsi teknologi pertanian dan menentukan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi adopsi serta keberlanjutan suatu adopsi teknologi. Hasil studi mengungkapkan bahwa keputusan petani untuk mengadopsi teknologi baru bergantung pada interaksi dinamis antara karakteristik teknologi dan kondisi lingkungannya. Beberapa aspek yang memengaruhi adopsi teknologi pertanian antara lain aspek teknologi, ekonomi dan keuangan, sosial dan kelembagaan, serta usaha pertanian dan karakteristik rumah tangga petani. Namun, penentu adopsi teknologi pertanian tidak selalu tunggal, melainkan kombinasi dari beberapa faktor sehingga untuk memacu adopsi teknologi harus memperhitungkan semua faktor penentunya. Pendekatan yang komprehensif menjadi pilihan terbaik untuk menyebarluaskan teknologi baru pertanian. Pemerintah dapat menjadi fasilitator untuk adopsi teknologi dan memastikan teknologi yang disebarkan bermanfaat bagi petani.
KINERJA PRODUKSI DAN KONSUMSI SERTA PROSPEK PENCAPAIAN SWASEMBADA KEDELAI DI INDONESIA
Soybean is one of the strategic commodities required as a source of vegetable protein in Indonesia. Progressing food and feed industries using soybeans as raw material is in line with population growth causing increased soybean demand. However, since the mid-1970s until now domestic soybean production has not been able to meet national demand. This study aims to give a real figure regarding the performance of production and consumption, as well as the future prospects for the achievement of soybean self-sufficiency in Indonesia. This study was conducted through reviewing literatures as well as exploring and examining the relevant data and information from various sources such as BPS and FAO data, as well as related information from some scientific studies published in books, journals, proceedings, and other publications. The results of this literature review supported by statistical data indicated that soybean area and production peaked in 1992, then it declined sharply until 2013. The very sharp decline in harvested area reflects the disincentive for farmers to grow soybean. This condition will weaken national food security. If there is no significant breakthrough in providing incentives for farmers to grow soybeans, the phenomenon of decline in soybean area and production will continue. Along with the increasing demand for soybean, efforts to achieve self-sufficiency become unrealistic, at least until 2025. It implies that launching soybean self-sufficiency in 2017 is unworkable.
TINJAUAN KONSEPTUAL MAKRO-MIKRO PEMASARAN DAN IMPLIKASINYA BAGI PEMBANGUNAN PERTANIAN
Economists are interested in the marketing concept try to apply it in agricultural development. Marketing concept has several aspects, i.e. economy, business, and policy. Some people interpret marketing concept in terms of macro aspect (national level) and micro aspect (firm level). This paper proposes to examine marketing concept in term of macro and micro levels. Examining the marketing aspect at macro level will be useful to increase the marketing efficiency of agricultural commodity at regional or national level. It will also improve marketing efficiency in supply chain of agricultural commodity. Reviews on empirical studies indicate that some agricultural commodities have low marketing efficiency causing low competitiveness in the domestic and global markets. Enhancing marketing efficiency requires government intervention intended to reduce market distortion and high transaction cost in the supply chain of agricultural commodity. To achieve marketing efficiency of agricultural commodity, it is necessary to integrate macro-economic policy and micro-economic activities in the supply chain of agricultural commodity.
OPTIMALISASI PEMANFAATAN SUMBER DAYA GENETIK PADI MELALUI VALUASI EKONOMI
Indonesia has potency of widely diverse genetic resources of rice useful to assembly the new varieties. This study aimed to analyze (1) diversity of genetic resources and their utilization in the assembly of rice varieties; (2) importance of preserving the diversity of rice genetic resources; (3) a conceptual overview of economic valuation of genetic resources of rice; and (4) economic value of genetic resources of rice. This paper is a literature review related to genetic resources and economic valuation of rice. The results show that the economic valuation of genetic resources of rice necessary to do in order to become a reference for breeders of rice in assembling new varieties of rice in accordance with preferences of rice farmers and consumers, so that the new varieties of rice produced to be widely adopted and provide economic impact on communities. In addition, in the conditions of limited conservation budgets, economic valuation can be used to better focus efforts to manage genetic resources that are considered to provide greater economic benefits. The management of genetic resources could be done through exploration, conservation, characterization and evaluation, documentation, as well as the exchange of material and information between research institutions from home and abroad.
KEDAULATAN PANGAN SEBAGAI BASIS UNTUK MEWUJUDKAN KETAHANAN PANGAN NASIONAL
The concept of food sovereignty officially becomes an objective and an approach in national food development such as depicted in Law No. 18/2012 on Food along with food self-sufficiency and food security. However, up to now formulation and understanding of food sovereignty is various and unclear. This article aims to review the concept of food sovereignty at international and national levels. Food sovereignty is a strategy to improve food security as the ultimate goal of food development because the concept is in fact consistent and complementary. Food sovereignty is related with farmers' rights and access to the entire agricultural resources including land, water, production factors, technology, and marketing as well as on consumption. This condition is measurable at various levels at individual, household, community, regional, and national levels.
TINJAUAN TEORITIS DAN EMPIRIS EFISIENSI, RISIKO, DAN PERILAKU RISIKO USAHA TANI SERTA IMPLIKASINYA DALAM UPAYA PENCAPAIAN SWASEMBADA PANGAN
This paper aims to describe various models and results of empirical analyses of efficiency, risk, and risk behavior of farming in the country and abroad. Efficiency analyses on food crops, horticulture, and processing industry scales show various technical efficiencies, and both economic and allocative inefficiencies. To support food self-efficiency, therefore it is necessary to improve farm business efficiency and to reduce risk farming. Government’s and non-government organizations’ aids are required to improve farm efficiencies, such as irrigation construction and maintenance, factor inputs distribution, credit access, agricultural insurance, and research results dissemination. To improve allocative and economic efficiencies, some efforts are necessary to take such as marketing infrastructure enhancement, acceleratin transport of agricultural inputs and products, and expanding farmers’ access for information.
KINERJA, KENDALA, DAN STRATEGI PENCAPAIAN SWASEMBADA DAGING SAPI
Indonesia has a big opportunity to realize cattle meat self-sufficiency, and even it is possible to become an exporter such in 1970’s. This article reviews the constraint issues in cattle industry and formulates a concept of cattle industry toward meat self-sufficiency. Cattle industry deals with typical culture and characteristics of business, policy and political issues, financial scheme, limited grassing field, breeding, development management, meat market and price, competitiveness, and inter-institutional coordination. All of those problems shift Indonesia from an exporter to an importer. In the future, political will, domestic product orientation, prioritizing small farmers through partnership, integrated farming, franchise system, cattle development project management unit are necessary to boost cattle industry. Other attempts to take by the government are special credit scheme for cattle development, grassing field development, cattle breed supply through breeding farm system development, effective and accountable cattle development management. The government needs to reformulate cattle development road map to accommodate internal and external environment issues, and to emphasize the goals of cattle industry development, such as increasing cattle population, enhancing meat product, improving cattle farmers’ income, and sustaining cattle meat self-sufficiency.
KETERSEDIAAN PRODUK SAMPING TANAMAN DAN INDUSTRI PERTANIAN SEBAGAI PAKAN TERNAK MENDUKUNG PENINGKATAN PRODUKSI DAGING NASIONAL
One of main components to boost cow meat is feed availability. In Indonesia, feed availability is still deal with decrease of pasture, competing feed with other uses, such as industry, and limited feed distribution system. Limited conventional feed sources could be overcome through use of feed from side products of crops and agricultural industry such as rice, oil palm, and sugarcane. This paper reviews livestock capacity potency and identifies new development region potency for beef cow farm business using side products of crops and agricultural industry. Feed availability potency is based on simple calculation of previous studies. It is estimated that feed source from crops and agricultural industry of rice, oil palm, and sugarcane is around 121.69 million tons of dried matter or it has capacity of 77.42 million livestock units. Based on feed raw material availability region, the potential regions for beef cow farm business development using main feed from side products of crops and oil palm agricultural industry are the provinces in Sulawesi, Papua and West Papua. The beef cow producing regions in Java could utilize side products of crops and processing industry of sugarcane and rice straw. Bali and NTT are regions with feed deficits. To boost beef cow farm business in new development regions, it is necessary: (a) to strengthen researches on processing technology of crop and industrial side products, and quality feed formulation with cheap price, (b) to introduce complete feed processing technology to the side products potential centers, (c) to develop cheap, complete feed industry for sales.
MENYOROTI SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN UNDANG-UNDANG TENTANG AIR PENGAIRAN DAN SUMBER DAYA AIR
From the viewpoint of historical perspective Indonesia has experienced three generations of water law namely Algemeen Water Reglement (general water law), year 1936, Law No 11 of 1974 and Law No 7 Year 2004 on water resources. The purpose of this paper is to study factors considered as the drivers of the emergence of each generation of law. The analysis of historical context identified the dominant factors. The three generations of law are driven by various factors in response to the emerging political interests. In the first, ethical politics, development of hydraulic technology, and the interest to support agricultural export commodity are important driving factors. In the second, green revolution technologies, and the political interest to achieve rice self- sufficiency are dominant factors while that of the third is influenced by politics of bureaucracy in the aftermath of economic crisis of 1998, economic liberalization as condition for the World Bank loan, and global political pressure to implement integrated water resources management. By the cancelation of the third generation of law Indonesia is stepping toward the fourth generation of law which has to be prepared in accountable manner based on the principles of good water governance.
KETAHANAN PANGAN INDONESIA DI KAWASAN ASEAN
Inclusion of Indonesia in the ASEAN Single Market can be seen as opportunities and challenges for the national food resiliency. Results of the study shows that Indonesia was sufficient in food availability, moderate in food accessibility, low in food utilization, and relatively unstable in food price. To improve its food resiliency in the region, it is advisable for Indonesia to carry out some strategic steps as follows: (1) improving food self-resiliency, (2) developing local foods, (3) improving market access, and (4) improving cooperation in food security. The needed support policies were: (1) continuing efforts to increase sustainable food production, (2) developing local food industries, (3) promoting local food products, (4) improving infrastructures, logistics system, supply chain, as well as institutions and market information systems, (5) standardization of food quality and safety, (6) establishing collaboration in regional food security, and (7) managing regional food trade to achieve food resiliency.
PERCEPATAN PEMBANGUNAN PANGAN MENUJU PENCAPAIAN KETAHANAN PANGAN YANG MANDIRI DAN BERDAULAT
Successful development has been demonstrated by an increase in food production and food supply. But the success was not followed by a reduction in food insecurity. Number of food-insecure population is still large and likely to increase. Law 18/2012 on Food mandates establishment of an independent food security and sovereignty. The goal is to increase production and food self-sufficiency. It also aims to improve food diversity and to meet safety, quality, and requirement. Food security should also be competitive in both domestic and international markets. The challenge is to optimize food production resources, management of decentralization and global environment. It is necessary to accelerate food development through enhancing more distributed, diverse food production. It is also carried out through development of food and local food culture, food production system modernization, food trade management, and strengthening public food reserves.