PENGORGANISASIAN SECARA PERSONAL DAN GEJALA INDIVIDUALISASI ORGANISASI SEBAGAI KARAKTER UTAMA PENGORGANISASIAN DIRI PETANI DI INDONESIA
Keywords:
institution, institutionalism, organization, self-organizing, personalized organizing, individualized organization, farmers, lembaga, kelembagaan, organisasi, pengorganisasian diri, pengorganisasian secara personal, individualisasi organisasi, petaniAbstract
Explaining how farmers conduct their farm business is trapped in organization theory and analysis, so far. This paper applies concept and theory of new institutionalism understanding which focuses social relation as the most basic object of analysis. It is found that farmers’ organizations in Indonesia are unique indicated by organization individualization as the real fact of formal farmers’ organization. This symptom is not observed if it employs organization analysis. It comes from the previous farmers’ organizations before the formal organization is acknowledged, namely personalized organizing. These two findings are based on recognizing that farmers are rational, creative social actors using all institution and organization resources for running their farm business. In the future, empowering farmers is carried out through offering other types than formal organization for more effective social relation.
References
Beard, Victoria A. and A. Dasgupta. 2006. Collective Action and Community-driven Development in Rural and Urban Sage Publication and Urban Studies Journal Limited. http:// usj.sagepub.com/cgi/ content/abstract/43/9/1451
Blom-Hansen, J. 1997. A ‘New Institutional’ Perspective On Policy Networks, Public Administration 75: 669–693.
Bourgeois, R.F. Jesus; M. Roesch, N. Soeprapto, A. Renggana, dan A. Gouyon. 2003. Indonesia: Em-powering Rural Producers Organi-zation. Rural Development and Natural Resources East Asia and Pacific Region (EASRD).
Branson, J. and D. Miller. Pierre Bourdieu. Hal. 43-57. dalam: Peter Beilharz. 2002. Teori-Teori Sosial: Observasi Kritis terhadap Para Filosof Terkemu-ka. Pustaka Pelajar, Yogyakarta.
Brewer, J.D. 1985. Penggunaan Tanah Tradisional dan Kebijakan Pemerintah di Bima, Sumbawa Timur (hal. 163 – 188). Dalam: Michael R. Dove (ed). (1985). Peranan Kebudayaan Tradisional Indonesia dalam Modernisasi. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
Chamala, S and P.M. Shingi. 2007. Chapter 21 - Establishing and Strengthening Farmer Organizations. FAO. http:// www.fao.org/ docrep/W5830E/w5830e0n.htm.
Chambers, Rt. 1987. Pembangunan Desa: Mulai dari Belakang. Jakarta: LP3ES.
Dimaggio, P. J. and W.W. Powell. 1991. The New Institutionalism In Organizational Analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Fafchamps, M. 2007. Global Poverty Research Group. 2007. Trade and Social Capital. http://www.gprg.org/themes/ t4-soccap-pub-socsafe/sc-uses/trade-sc.htm, 20 Agustus 2007
Fauzi, N. 1999. Petani dan Penguasa: Dinamika Perjalanan Politik Agraria Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Insist Press, KPA, dan Pustaka Pelajar.
Granovetter, M. 2005. The Impact of Social Structure on Economic. Journal of Economic Perspective 19(1): 33–50.
Grootaert, C. and T. van Bastelaer. 2001. Understanding and Measuring Social Capital: A Synthesis of Findings and Recommendations from the Social Capital Initiative. Social Capital Initiative Working Paper No. 24. Washington, D.C: The World Bank.
Hayami, Y. dan T. Kawagoe. 1993. The Agrarian Origins of Commerce and Industry: A Study of Peasant Marketing In Indonesia. St. Martin's Press. Singapore.
Hellin, J., M. Lundy, and M. Meijer. 2007. Farmer Organization, Collective Action and Market Access in Meso-America. Capri Working Paper No. 67, October 2007. Research Workshop on Collective Action and Market Access for Smallholders. October 2-5, 2006 - Cali, Colombia. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington.
Hutahaean, L., R.H. Anasiru, dan I.G.P. Sarasutha. 2010. Analisis Kelayakan Usaha Pela-yanan Jasa Alsintan di Sulawesi Tengah. Laporan Penelitian. Balai Penelitian dan Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian, Badan Litbang Pertanian, Jakarta.
Jackson, K.D. and L.W. Pye (eds). 1978. Political Power and Communications in Indonesia. University of California Press. Berkeley, LA, and London.
Keputusan Menteri Pertanian Nomor: 93/Kpts/ OT.210/3/1997 tentang Pedoman Pem-binaan Kelompok Tani-Nelayan.
Koentjaraningrat. 1974. Pengantar Antropo-logi. Jakarta: Penerbit Aksara Baru.
Lema, N.M. and B.W. Kapange. 2006. Farmers’ Organization and Agriculture Innovation in Tanzania. Dalam: www.kit.nl
Lipton, M. 1977. Why Poor People Stay Poor: A Study Of Urban Bias In World Development. Harvard University Press, 1977 - 467 pages
Lobo, C. 2008. Institutional And Organizational Analysis For Pro-Poor Change: Meeting IFAD’s Millennium Challenge. A source-book. Rome: IFAD. www.ifad.org/english/ institutions/sourcebook.pdf. 8 Januari 2013.
March, J.G. and J.P. Olsen. 1984. The New Institutionalism: Organizational Factors in Political Life. American Political Science Review 78 (3): 734-749.
Martinussen, J. 1997. Society, State, & Market: A Guide To Competing Theories of Development. Danish Association for International Co-operation. Copenhagen.
Nee, V. 2005. The New Institutionalism in Economics and Sociology. In: The Handbook of Economic Sociology. 2nd ed. Niel J. Smelser dan Richard Swedberg (eds.) Princeton University Press.
Nordholt, N.S. 1987. Ojo Dumeh: Kepemimpinan Lokal dalam Pembangunan. Pustaka Sinar Harapan. Jakarta.
North, DC. 2005. Institutional Economics. http://nobelprize.org/economics/ laureates/1993/north-lecture.html, 27 April 2005.
Nurmanaf, R., E.L. Hastuti, H. Tarigan, dan Supadi. 2003. Pemberdayaan Kelembagaan Tradisional Ketenagakerjaan Pertanian di Pedesaan dalam Upaya Pengentasan Kemiskinan. Laporan Penelitian. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian, Bogor. 171 hal.
Pakpahan, A. 2004. Mengapa Kita Tertinggal? Karena Kita Lalai akan Dinamika dan Kekuatan Rakyat. Majalah Analisis Kebi-jakan Pertanian (Agricultural Policy Analysis). Pusat Penelitian dan Pengem-bangan Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian, Bogor. Hal 101-118.
Peraturan Menteri Pertanian No. 273/Kpts/ Ot.160/4/2007 Tentang Pedoman Penum-buhan dan Pengembangan Kelompoktani dan Gabungan Kelompoktani.
Perera, J. 2004. Farmer’s Behaviour in Rice Irrigation in Monsoon Asia: Facts and Fallacies. South Asia Economic Journal. 5/145, 2004.
Portes, A. 2006. Institutions and Development: A Conceptual Reanalysis. Population and Development Review 32 (2): 233–262.
Putra, HAS. 1988. Minawang: Hubungan Patron-Klien Di Sulawesi Selatan. Gadjah Mada University Press.
Robbins, L. 2005. Understanding Institutions: Institutional Persistence and Institu-tional Change. (http://www.lse.ac.uk/ collections/ LSEPublicLecturesAndEvents/ events/ 2004/20031222t0946z001. htm., 27 April 2005).
Saptana, T. Pranadji, Syahyuti, dan Roosganda E.M. 2003. Transformasi Kelembagaan untuk Mendukung Ekonomi Kerakyatan di Pedesaan. Laporan Penelitian. PSE, Bogor.
Scott, J.C. 1993. Perlawanan Kaum Tani. Yayasan Obor Indonesia, Jakarta. 384 hal.
Scott, R.W. 1995. Institutions and Organizations Foundations for Organizational Science: Foundations for Organizational Science. A Sage Publications Series. Sage Publica-tions, Inc.
Scott, R.W. 2008. Institutions and Organizations: Ideas an Interest. Los Angeles, London, New Delhi, Singapore: Sage Publication. Third Edition. 266 hal.
Shanin, T. 1990. Defining Peasants: Essays Concerning Rural Societies, Expolary Economies, and Learning from them in the Contemporary World. Top of Form Oxford, UK and Cambridge, MA, USA.
Stockbridge, M., A. Dorward, and J. Kydd. 2003. Farmer Organizations for Market Access: A Briefing Paper. Wye Campus, Kent, England: Imperial College, London.
Syahyuti. 1998. Beberapa Karakteristik dan Perilaku Pedagang Pemasaran Komoditas Hasil-Hasil Pertanian di Indonesia. Forum Agro Ekonomi Vol. 16 No.1, Juli 1998.
Syahyuti. 2002. Pembentukan Struktur Agraria pada Masyarakat Pinggiran Hutan. Tesis pada Jurusan Sosiologi Pedesaan. IPB, Bogor.
Syahyuti. 2010. Lembaga dan Organisasi Petani dalam Pengaruh Negara dan Pasar. Majalah Forum Agro Ekonomi Vol. 28 No.1 Tahun 2010. Pusat Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian, Bogor.
Syahyuti. 2012. Pengorganisasian Diri Petani dalam Menjalankan Agribisnis di Pedesaan: Studi Lembaga dan Organisasi Petani dalam Pengaruh Negara dan Pasar. Disertasi Universitas Indonesia, Depok.
Teken, I B. l988. Irigasi Subak di Bali. dalam Irigasi, Kelembagaan dan Ekonomi, Jilid II, Gramedia, Jakarta).
Temple, G.P. 1976. Mundurnya Involusi Pertanian: Migrasi, Kerja dan Pembagian Pendapatan di Pedesaan Jawa. Prisma No. 3 April 1976.
Tjondronegoro, S.M.P. 1984. Social Organization and Planned Development in Rural Java: A Study of the Organizational Phenomenon in Kecamatan Cibadak, West Java and Kecamatan Kendal, Central Java, Singapore: Oxford University Press.
Tjondronegoro, SMP dan G. Wiradi. (Eds). 1984. Dua Abad Penguasaan Tanah. Penerbit Gramedia, Jakarta. 344 halaman
Undang-Undang No. 16 tahun 2006 tentang Sistem Penyuluhan Pertanian, Perikanan dan Kehutanan
Wahono, Francis. 1994. Dinamika Ekonomi Sosial Desa Sesudah 25 Tahun Revolusi Hijau. (pp. 3-21) Majalah Prisma No. 3 Maret 1994.
White, B. 1997. Agroindustry And Contract Farmers In Upland West Java. Journal of Peasant Studies. Volume 24, Issue 3, 1997.
Wijayaratna, C. M. 1993. Impacts of the Institutional System on the Participants and on Irrigation Performance: A Note for Discussion. In Charles L. Abernethy (ed). The Institutional Framework for Irrigation. Proceedings ofa Workshop Chiang Mai, Thailand. 1-5 November, 1993. German Foundation For International Development International Irrigation Management Institute Royal Irrigation Department Of Thailand
Wijayaratna, C.M. 2002. Role of Local Communication and Institution in Integrated Rural Development. APO Seminar, Asian Productivity Organization. 2004.
World Bank. 2008. World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development. Worl Bank, US. http://econ.worldbank. org/
