EFFECT OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION AND GROWTH ON POVERTY AND INEQUITY: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCES AND POLICY OPTIONS
Keywords:
liberalisasi perdagangan, kemiskinan, pemerataan, trade liberalization, poverty, equityAbstract
Penelitian-penelitian yang menganalisis hubungan antara liberalisasi perdagangan, kemiskinan, dan pemerataan berujung pada perdebatan. Dampak dari pasar terbuka dan pengurangan kemiskinan menghasilkan pandangan yang pro (Anderson, Jha et al., dan Bhattasali et al.). dan kontra (Coller and Dollar, Twyford, Medeley, and Abbotts) secara tajam. Di sisi lain, dampak pasar terbuka terhadap distribusi pendapat bersifat lebih konklusif. Kesimpulan ini berlaku juga untuk kasus Indonesia. Dua kelompok kebijakan disintesa dari studi ini yang mencoba mensinergikan liberalisasi perdagangan dan pertumbuhan dengan kemiskinan dan pemerataan untuk wilayah Asia dan Pacific. Kelompok kebijakan pertama adalah liberalisasi perdagangan yang berpihak pada pengurangan kemiskinan yaitu 1) mengoreksi ketidak-seimbangan; 2) meninjau ulang tentang timbal-balik kebijakan; 3) perlakuan yang spesial dan berbeda serta fleksibelitas; dan 4) isu-isu perdagangan yang menjadi kepentingan khusus negara berkembang. Kelompok kebijakan kedua berkaitan dengan kebijakan domestik yang berpihak kepada orang miskin yaitu 1) memperbaiki ketidak-seimbangan penguasaan asset/lahan; 2) perbaikan infrastruktur di pedesaan; 3) menciptakan iklim investasi yang kondusif; 4) mendorong penciptaan lapangan kerja yang berpihak pada orang miskin; dan v) meningkatkan penelitian dan pengembangan bidang pertanian.
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