Alelopati Gulma: Pelepasan Alelokimia dan Kerugiannya terhadap Tanaman Budidaya
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51589/ags.v7i1.3403Keywords:
Alelokimia, Hasil panen, Pertumbuhan, Perkembangan, PenghambatanAbstract
Gulma adalah kelompok tumbuhan yang berasosiasi dengan tanaman budidaya dan mengakibatkan kerugian ekonomi. Gulma mengganggu tanaman karena terjadinya persaingan dan alelopati. Ulasan ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan potensi gulma yang mengandung alelokimia, cara pelepasan alelokimia dan dampak merugikannya terhadap perkecambahan, pertumbuhan, perkembangan, perubahan dalam proses fisiologis dan hasil panen tanaman. Data dihimpun melalui penelusuran repositori jurnal digital, kemudian dilakukan analisis secara deskriptif. Metabolit sekunder yang dihasilkan oleh gulma dikenal sebagai alelokimia, meliputi fenolik, alkaloid, asam lemak, indol, terpenoid, dan lain-lain. Namun, fenolik adalah kelas alelokimia yang dominan. Mekanisme pelepasan alelokimia dari gulma terjadi melalui pencucian dari daun atau bagian tanaman lainnya, dekomposisi sisa tanaman, penguapan dan eksudasi akar. Gulma meninggalkan residunya dalam jumlah besar di lapangan dan berdampak terhadap tanaman budidaya. Pelepasan alelokimia dari gulma menghambat perkecambahan benih, pembentukan tunas, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman, serta menurunkan hasil panen. Pada intinya, alelopati gulma merupakan ancaman potensial bagi tanaman budidaya dan menyebabkan kerugian ekonomi.
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